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²Ä¤Q¤»³¡    ¤HÃþ©M°Êª«ªº¹«¬Ì ( Human  and  Animal  Plague )

       

        ¬ü°ê ¡X¡X 1970 ¦~¡A¬ü°ê³ø¾É¡G¦³ 13 ¤Hªº¸¢¹«¬Ì¯f¨Ò¬ö¿ý¡A¨ä»P¼ÉÅS¦b¶m§ø¦³Ãö¡C1971 ¦~¦P©w¥X 2 ¥ó¡A1972 ¦~¦³¤@¥ó¡C±µµÛ¨ì 1973 ¦~ªº 6 ¤ë 1 ¤é§¡µL¯f¨Ò³ø§i¡C¹«¬Ì¦b³¥¥Í¹«±Ú¤¤ÁÙ¬O«Ü²s¼û¡A¦b¹L¥h¥H¤U¦U¦{¤HÃþªº¯f¨Ò¤´µM«Ü¦h¦p¡Gªü§Q®á¨º¡B¥[¦{¡B·s¾¥¦è­ô©M¬ìù©Ô¹F¦{¡C1973 ¦~¡A¤À§O¦b¥[¦{ 3 ­Ó°¾»÷ªº°p Siskiyou , Tulare¡A©M Riverside ³ø¾É³¥¥Í¹«±Úªº¬y¦æ©Ê°Êª«¹«¬Ì¡C¦b Lava  Beds °ê®a¥jÂÝ¡ASiskiyou °p¡A©ó 3 ¤ë¶¡¦P©w¥X¾ð¹«¤¤¦³¬y¦æ¯f¡A¦b¥[¦{¬F©²¹ê¬IÂδCºÞ¨î±¹¬I¤§«e¡A­¢¨Ï¼È®ÉÃö³¬®È¹C³]³Æ¡C¥t¥~·s¾¥¦è­ô¦{±µªñ Siskiyou ªº San  Juan °p¡A¦b Gunnison ªº¤g¼·¹«¶¡¦³°Êª«¬y¦æ¯f¡A¦b 5,000 ­^¯aªº½d³ò¸Ì¡A¤w±o¨ìÂδCºÞ¨îªº®ÄªG¡A¬°¤F¬O­n«OÅ@ Navajo ªº©~¥Á¡C³o­Ó±¡ªp¬Oª½±µ»P 1971 ~ 1972 ¦~¬ìù©Ô¹F¦{¦è«n¤è¤§¤g¼·¹«ªº¬y¦æ¯f¦³Ãö¡A¦b«n Ute ¦L¦a¦w«O¯d°Ï¡AL a¡VPlate °p¡ACurecanti °ê®a¤½¶é¡AGunnison °p¡A¬ìù©Ô¹F¦{¡A¹ê¬Iºò«æÂδCºÞ¨î¡C

        ¦Û±q 1963 ¦~ªü§Q®á¨º¦{ªF¥_¤èªº¾Fªñ¦a°Ï¡A¬ìù©Ô¹F¦{¦è«n¤è¡AµS¥L¦{ªF«n¤è´N¤wµo¥Í¤g¼·¹«ªº¹«¬Ì¬y¦æ¯f¡C¨ä¤À§G°Ï°ì´N¹³ Navajonian  Biome ¦³¥ÍºA¾Ç¤Wªº¯S¼x¡C¦­¦b 1963 ¦~¡A¦³ 12 ¥ó»P¤g¼·¹«¦³Ãöªº¤HÃþ¯f¨Ò¦b¸Ó¦a°Ïµo¥Í¹L¡A¤j¦h¼Æ¬O¦b Navajo ¦L¦a¦w«O¯d°Ï¡C

        ¦b¬ìù©Ô¹F¦{ªº¦è«n¤è¡A¹L¥h¼Æ¦~¸Ì¡A¬¥ÁF¤sªº¦è³¡±×©Y¦a¤g¼·¹«¤j¶qªº¼W¥[¡A­P¨Ï¼ç¦bªº°ÝÃDÂX¤j°_¨Ó¡A¯S§O¬O¦b Cortez , Durango ©M Mesa  Verde °ê®a¥jÂݵ¥¦a°Ï¡C¦b¬ìù©Ô¹F¦{ Montezuma °pªº Cortez «°¥«¸Ì­±ªº¤g¼·¹«¨ä¼Æ¥Ø¤ñ¤H¤fÁÙ¦h¡C¦a¤è©M¦{¬F©²¥¿­p¹º¹w¨¾©ÊªºÂδCºÞ¨î¤u§@¡A¥H®ø´î°DÃþ©M´î¤Ö¤g¼·¹«ªº¼Æ¥Ø¡C

        ­ìµÛªÌµù¡G¦b³o­Ó°ê®a¡A¤HÃþ©M°Êª«ªº¹«¬Ì¡A¤w³Q±±¨î¨ì³o¼Ëªºµ{«×¡G¥Ø«e¥D­n¬O¶m§ø¡B¯î³¥¦a°Ïªº°ÝÃD¦Ó·¥¤Ö³]­p°w¹ï¥«°Ï¤¤¤ßªº­p¹º¡A³o¶µ¤u§@¬O¦b¥»¥@¬öªº¦­´Á©Ò§@ªº¡C¸Ó¯e¯f¬O´²µo©Ê¦Ó¥B¤£´¶¹M¡A¤HÃþªº¹«¬Ì´N¬O¦p¦¹³Q©¿²¤©Î¶EÂ_¿ù»~¡C¦]¨Ï¥Î§Ü¥Í¯À´X¥i¹F¨ìÀø®Ä¡A³¥¥Í°Êª«¹«¬Ì¥Ø«e±¡¶Õªº°l»{©M¤HÃþ¼ÉÅS¤§¥²µMªº¼ç¶Õ¦Ó´£¨Ñ¤F¥iºÃªº¸ê®Æ¡A©M´x´¤´²µo©Ê¯f¨Òªº°ò¦¡C

        ( Ķ¦Û WHO.   WER.  No.  34  24  Aug.  1973  Human  &   Animal  Plague )

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²Ä¤Q¤C³¡     ­¹«~´C¤¶¯e¯f©M­¹ª«¤¤¬r·§½× ( An  Outline  of   Food  borne  Disease  and  Food  Poisoning )

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        ­¹«~±`¬O³\¦h¶Ç¬V¯fªº¶Ç¼½´C¤¶ ( Vehicle  of  transmission )¡A±`¨£ªº¶Ç¬V¯f¬°¶Ë´H¡B°Æ¶Ë´H¡B§Ó¶P¤óµß¯g¡BÃì²yµß©Ê«|ª¢ ( Streptococcal  pharygitis¡Fseptic  sore  throat ) ¥Õ³ï¡B¥¬¤ó±ìµß¯g¡B¯f¬r©Ê¨xª¢¡Bªü¦Ì¤Úµg¯e¡BÀN¶Ã¡B±Û¤òÂίg©M¨ä¥LªºÄ¯ÂηP¬V¡C¥H¤W¯e¯f³q±`¤£Âk¯Ç¬°­¹ª«¤¤¬r¡C

        ¨Ì¾Ú¬Ì±¡¶g³ø­¹ª«´C¤¶¯e¯fªº¸ê®Æ¡A¦Û 1972 ~ 1975 ¦~¦b¬ü°ê¸g½T©w¯f­ìªº­¹«~´C¤¶¯e¯f¡A·§¤À¬°¥|¤jÃþ¡G

        (¤@)²Óµß©Ê¡G

            1. Bacills  cereus¡C     

            2. B.  hinshawii¡C      

            3. Brucella  sp.        

            4. Clostridium   botulinum¡C    

            5. C.  perfringens¡C   

            6. Salmonella  sp.      

            7.Shigella  sp.    

            8. Staphylococcus   sp.      

            9. Group  A   Streptococcus  sp.       

          10. Vibrio   cholera¡C       

          11. V.   parahemolyticus¡C      

          12. Suspect  Group  D  Streptococcus  sp.

        (¤G)¤Æ¾Ç©Ê ( Chemical )

            1.­«ª÷ÄÝ ( Heavy   metals )

            2.³½¦×¬r ( Ciguatoxin )

            3.ªe³b¬r¯À¤¤¬r ( Puffer  fish¡Ftetrodotoxin )

            4.ÄJ²Õ³J¥Õ¤¤¬r ( Scombrotoxin )

            5.³Á®ò»Ä¶u¤¤¬r ( Monosodium  glutamate )

            6.Åðµß¬r¯À¤¤¬r ( Mycotoxin  poison )

            7.³Â·ô©Ê¨©Ãþ¤¤¬r ( Paralytic  shellfish  poison )

            8.¯«¸g©Ê¬r¨©Ãþ¤¤¬r ( Neurotoxic  shellfish  poison )

            9.¨ä¥L¤Æ¾Çª«½è ( Miscellaneous  chemicals )

        (¤T)±H¥ÍÂÎ©Ê ( Parasitic )

            1.±Û¤òÂÎ ( Trichinella  spiralis )

            2.¤}ÂÎ ( Toxoplasma   gondii )

            3.Anisakidae

            4.¼s¸`µõÀY±øÂÎ ( Diphllobothrium  latum )

        (¥|)¯f¬r©Ê ( Viral )¡G

            1.A«¬¨xª¢ ( Hepatitis  A )

            2.B«¬¨xª¢ ( Hepatitis  B¡A³Ìªñ¸ê®ÆÅã¥Ü B«¬¨xª¢¤]¥i¸g¤f·P¬V )

¤G¡N©w¸q¡G

        ­¹«~©Î¶¼®Æ³Q²Óµß©Î²Óµß©Ò²£¥Íªº¬r¯À©Ò¦Ã¬V¡A¤H­ÌÄá­¹«á·|§e²{¯gª¬ªÌ¡A·§ºÙ¤§­¹ª«¤¤¬r¡C

        Ãzµo­¹ª«¤¤¬rªº½T»{¡A©¹©¹¬O¤@¸s¤H¦bµu®É¶¡¤º¬ðµMµo¥Í¬ÛÃþ¦üªº¯fª¬¡A¦Ó³o¨Ç±wªÌ´¿¸g³£Äá­¹¦P¼Ëªº­¹ª«¡C¦ý²Óµß©Ê­¹«~´C¤¶¯e¯f¦³³¡¥÷¬°­¹ª«¤¤¬r¡C§^¤H°Q½×­¹ª«¤¤¬r¡A¥]¬A¨â¤jÃþ¡G¤@¬°­¹«~·P¬V ( Food  infection )¡A¨ä¬°¨Fªù¤ó±ìµß¯g ( Salmonellosis )¡C«æ©Ê¨F¤ó±ìµß¯g³q±`ÂkÃþ¬°­¹ª«¤¤¬r¡A¦ý¨ä¸z¹Dªº«æ©Ê·P¬V¡A»·³Ó©ó¤¤¬r¡C¥t¤@¬°²Óµß©Ê¤¤¬r¯g ( bacterial  intoxications ) ¦p¦×¬r¤¤¬r ( Botulism ) ©M¸²µå²yµß©Ê­¹ª«¤¤¬r ( Staphylococcal  food  poisoning )¡A¥H¤Î Vibrio  parahemolyticus , Bacillus  cereus , Clostridium  perfringens ( Cl.   welchii ) ©Ò¤Þ°_ªº­¹ª«¤¤¬r¯g¡C

¤T¡N¦U½× ( ²¤ )

        (¤@)¨Fªù¤ó±ìµß¯g

        (¤G)¦×¬r¤¤¬r

        (¤T)¸²µå²yµß©Ê­¹ª«¤¤¬r¡C

        (¥|)Vibrio   parahemolyticus  food  poisoning.

        (¤­)Bacillus   cereus  food  poisoning.

        (¤»)Clostridium   perfringens ( Cl.  welchii ) food  poisoning.

¥|¡Nµ²½×¡G

        1.¦]Äá­¹¯f¬r¦Ã¬Vªº­¹ª«¡A¦Óµo¥Í¬y¦æ©Ê¤§äú¤ß¡B¹Ã¦RªÌ¤£¯à»P­¹ª«¤¤¬r¬Û²V²c¡C

        2.­¹ª«¤¤¬rªº¶EÂ_³£¬O¾a¬y¦æ¯f¾Ç¤Wªºµo²{¡C²@µLºÃ°Ýªº¤]·|¦³­¹ª«¤¤¬rªº³æ¤@¯f¨Ò¡A«h¨ä½T¶E´N¦³§xÃø¡A°£«D¦³©úÅ㪺Á{§É¯g­Ô¸s¦p¦×¬r¤¤¬rªÌ¡C

        3.¨F¤ó±ìµß¯g©M¸²µå²yµß©Ê­¹ª«¤¤¬r³£¦b®L©uµo¥Í¬°¦h¡A¨ä­ì¦]¬O·Å·xªº®ð·Å¡A³Ì¾A©ó¸Óµ¥¯f­ìµß¦b¥¼§NÂ꺭¹«~¤Wµo¨|¡BÁc´Þ¡C

        4.¬r¯À¦b·L¥Íª«¾Ç¤Wªº©w¸q¡G¬°²Óµßªº²£ª«¡A¬O¤@ºØ³J¥Õ½è©Îµ²¦X©Ê³J¥Õª«½è¡A¹ï¨ä¥L¦³©ö·P©Êªº°Êª«¡A¤H¦³­P¬r§@¥Î¡A¨Ãµo¥Í¯fª¬¡C

        5.¤µºK¿ý¬r¯Àªº§@¥Î¡B¨Ó·½¡B¬r¯À¦WºÙ¥H¸ê°Ñ¦Ò ( ¶È»P­¹ª«¤¤¬r¦³ÃöªÌ )¡G

¬r  ¯À  ªº  §@   ¥Î ¨Ó                  ·½ ¬r   ¯À   ¦W    ºÙ
·»  ¦å  §@  ¥Î St.  aureus , Cl.   perfringens alpha , beta , gamma , delta , theta   hemotoxins  alpha  toxins ( lecithinase ¨ÈÁC¯×úA )
¨Ï¹êÅç°Êª«­P¦º Cl.  perfringens  St.   aureus ­P¦º©Ê¬r¯À
¨Ï²Õ´Ãa¦º Cl.  perfringens  St.   aureus Ãa¦º©Ê¬r¯À
µo¥Í¯S©w¯«¸g¯gª¬ Cl.  botulinum , Shigella   dysenteriae ¯«¸g¬r¯À
±þ¦º¥Õ¦å²y St.  aureus ±þ¥Õ¦å²y¯À
®ø¤Æ½¦­ì³J¥Õ Cl.  perfringens ½¦­ì³J¥ÕúA

        6.¨F¤ó±ìµß¬r¯À¬O¤@ºØ¤º¬r¯À ( Endotoxin )¡A¦b¨C¤@ºØ¨F¤ó±ìµß§¡¥iµo²{¤§¡C¤]´N¬O©Ò¿×Åé§Ü­ì ( Somatic  O  antigen )¡C

¤­¡N°Q½×¡G

        ­¹ª«¤¤¬r¬J«D°ê»ÚÀˬ̪k©w¶Ç¬V¯f¡A¤]«D§Ú°êªk©w¶Ç¬V¯f©Î³ø§i¶Ç¬V¯f¡A¦ý¨ä¬°®`¤§¼@¡A¨ì¥Ø«e¬°¤î¡A¤D¬O¥@¬É¦U°ê¤½»{ªº§xÂZ¡C

        ¼Ú¬üÂå¾Ç¥ý¶i°ê®a¡A¨ä°ê¥Á¥Í¬¡¤ô·Ç¤§°ª¡A½Ã¥Í±ø¥ó¤§Àu²§¡A­¹«~¿¯­¹½Ã¥Í¤]·¥¨äÀu¨}¡B¦Ò¨s¡CµM­¹ª«¤¤¬r¨Æ¥ó¤]¬O¼h¥X¤£½a¡C§^¤H±ý¨D¨ä´î§C¨ì³Ì§C­­«×ªºÃzµo¦¸¼Æ¤Î¯f¨Ò¤§µo¥Í¡A¶·±q¦h¤è­±µÛ¤â¡C­ì«h¤W¥H´¶¤Î°ê¤H½Ã¥Í±`ÃÑ¡A§ïµ½¥Í¬¡²ß«U¡F¯d·N³ø¯È¤Wµn¸ü­¹ª«¤¤¬r¨Æ¥óªº®ø®§¡C

        ®ø´î­¹ª«¤¤¬r¤]¦³¨ä§xÃø¡A¥H¦×¬r¤¤¬r¬°¨Ò¡F²Ä¤@¡B·í¤¤¬r®É¡A§^¤H¤£ª¾¦p¦ó¿ë§O©M¶EÂ_¥¦¬O¦]¦ó¦Ó¤¤¬r¡Aªì´Áªº¶H¼x¡A½Ñ¦p¸¡³¡µ±µh¡BÀYµh¡A¤@¯ë¨­Å餣¾Aªº·Pıµ¥¡A¥i¯à«Ü®e©ö³Q±wªÌ©MÂå¥Í»~¶E¡C²Ä¤G¡B¤H­Ì¤£ª¾¹D¬°¤°»ò¦×¬r¤¤¬r·|µo¥Í¡C²Ä¤T¡B¥Ø«e¥xÆW¦×¬r¤¤¬r§Ü¬r¯À©|¥¼´¶¹M¨ÑÀ³¡C

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